گرامر در مورد reported speech
در این درس قصد داریم با هم دیگه با مبحث reported speech بیشتر آشنا بشیم. در واقع این گرامر مربوط به نقل قول از یک شخص و یا اشخاص دیگر و یا خود ما هست.
مثال :
?Do you need any help
مخاطب این جمله مهمه. اگر شما در یک فروشگاه بودید و این جمله از سمت فروشنده به شما گفته شده و شما قصد دارید این جمله را برای شخص دیگه ای تعریف کنید اینطوری میشه :
He /She asked me (that) “If I needed any help”.
(that) اختیاری هست و ضرورتی برای استفاده نداره. دوست داشتید استفاده کنید.
اما اگر شما به شخص دیگه ای این جمله را گفتید و الان در حال تعریف کردن جمله ی خودتون برای شخص دیگه ای هستید اینطوری میشه :
I told him/her” If you needed any help”.
برای تغییر جمله باید دوتا کار را انجام بدید:
اول: اینکه باید ضمیر جمله را تغییر بدید
دوم: باید زمان جمله را به هر زمانی که هست یک زمان به عقب برگردونید. قانون حتی برای زمان هایی مثل (Time Expressions ) هم صدق می کنه. مثلا داخل جمله today باشه و امروز قصد بیان جمله را دارید باید به yesterday تغییر بدید.
| now | then / at that time |
| today | yesterday / that day / Tuesday / the 27th of June |
| yesterday | the day before yesterday / the day before / Wednesday / the 5th of December |
| last night | the night before, Thursday night |
| last week | the week before / the previous week |
| tomorrow | today / the next day / the following day / Friday |
سایر قوانین هم به این شکل هست :
do/does به if تبدیل میشن.
جملاتی که زمان ندارن به همون شکل قابل استفاده هستن. مثلا یک نفر به شما گفت : have a nice day. این جمله به صورت مستقیم و بدون تغییر زمان قابل استفاده است.
اگر جمله مفعول نداشت باید از کلمه ی said استفاده کنیم و اگر مفعول داشت باید از told استفاده کنیم.
Sarah said that she was tired
Sarah told me that she was tired
| Tense | Direct Speech | Reported Speech |
|---|---|---|
| present simple | I like ice cream | She said (that) she liked ice cream. |
| present continuous | I am living in London | She said (that) she was living in London. |
| past simple | I bought a car | She said (that) she had bought a car OR She said (that) she bought a car. |
| past continuous | I was walking along the street | She said (that) she had been walking along the street. |
| present perfect | I haven’t seen Julie | She said (that) she hadn’t seen Julie. |
| past perfect* | I had taken English lessons before | She said (that) she had taken English lessons before. |
| will | I’ll see you later | She said (that) she would see me later. |
| would* | I would help, but..” | She said (that) she would help but… |
| can | I can speak perfect English | She said (that) she could speak perfect English. |
| could* | I could swim when I was four | She said (that) she could swim when she was four. |
| shall | I shall come later | She said (that) she would come later. |
| should* | I should call my mother | She said (that) she should call her mother |
| might* | I might be late | She said (that) she might be late |
| must | I must study at the weekend | She said (that) she must study at the weekend OR She said she had to study at the weekend |
